Navigation methods, systems, and computer program products

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems are described for navigating between visual components. A first visual component, of a first application in a plurality of applications, is detected in a first application region of a presentation space of a display device. A first navigation control is presented, in a first navigation region determined based on the first application region, for navigating to a second visual component, of a second application in the plurality, in a second application region in the presentation space. A user input corresponding to the first navigation control is detected. In response to the detected user input, navigation information is sent to navigate to the second visual component.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is continuation of, and claims priority to U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/173,806, titled “METHODS, SYSTEMS, ANDCOMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCTS FOR NAVIGATING BETWEEN VISUAL COMPONENTS,”filed Feb. 5, 2014; which, in turn, is a continuation-in-part of, andclaims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/868,767, titled“METHODS, SYSTEMS, AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCTS FOR NAVIGATING BETWEENVISUAL COMPONENTS,” filed on Aug. 26, 2010, now issued as U.S. Pat. No.8,661,361; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/956,008, titled “METHODS,SYSTEMS, AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCTS FOR BINDING ATTRIBUTES BETWEENVISUAL COMPONENTS,” filed on Nov. 30, 2010, now issued as U.S. Pat. No.8,780,130; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/955,993, titled“METHODS, SYSTEMS, AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCTS FOR AUTOMATICALLYSCROLLING ITEMS IN A SELECTION CONTROL,” filed on Nov. 30, 2010, all ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for allpurposes.

BACKGROUND

While some applications can be used alone, some applications are usedtogether. Often there is no integration and/or cooperation between oramong applications used at the same time by a user. Even in applicationsuites, cooperation is limited to features that ease data sharingbetween or among applications in a particular application suite. Forexample, documents often include both text and media such as images frompictures, graphs, and drawings. Word processors provide rich featuresets for creating and editing text, but provide relatively weak or nofeatures for creating and editing other forms of data. As a result,users work on text for a document in a word processor, images in animage editor, and drawings using a drawing tool such as a computer aideddesign (CAD) tool. Users spend significant time managing the userinterfaces of these various applications in order to access the datadesired in the application desired.

Accordingly, there exists a need for methods, systems, and computerprogram products for binding attributes between visual components.

SUMMARY

The following presents a simplified summary of the disclosure in orderto provide a basic understanding to the reader. This summary is not anextensive overview of the disclosure and it does not identifykey/critical elements of the invention or delineate the scope of theinvention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts disclosed hereinin a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description thatis presented later.

Methods, computer software, apparatuses, and systems are described inconnection with a mobile device including at least one processoroperatively coupled to a touchscreen and memory. The memory stores afirst application and a second application. The mobile device isconfigured for: presenting, utilizing the touchscreen, at least one menuincluding a plurality of interface elements including a firstapplication interface element associated with the first application anda second application interface element associated with the secondapplication; detecting, utilizing the touchscreen, a first user input inconnection with the first application interface element associated withthe first application; in response to the first user input, presenting,utilizing the touchscreen, a first visual component for presenting firstdata associated with the first application; detecting, utilizing thetouchscreen, a second user input in connection with the secondapplication interface element associated with the second application; inresponse to the second user input, presenting, utilizing thetouchscreen, a second visual component for presenting second dataassociated with the second application, such that a first border of thefirst visual component corresponds to a second border of the secondvisual component; detecting, utilizing the touchscreen, a third userinput; and in response to the third user input, automatically changing,utilizing the at least one processor and the touchscreen, thepresentation of the first visual component and the second visualcomponent, such that the first border of the first visual componentcorresponds to the second border of the second visual component.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent tothose skilled in the art upon reading this description in conjunctionwith the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals havebeen used to designate like or analogous elements, and in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary hardware deviceincluded in and/or otherwise providing an execution environment in whichthe subject matter may be implemented;

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for binding attributesbetween visual components according to an aspect of the subject matterdescribed herein;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an arrangement of components forbinding attributes between visual components according to another aspectof the subject matter described herein;

FIG. 4a is a block diagram illustrating an arrangement of components forbinding attributes between visual components according to another aspectof the subject matter described herein;

FIG. 4b is a block diagram illustrating an arrangement of components forbinding attributes between visual components according to another aspectof the subject matter described herein;

FIG. 4c is a block diagram illustrating an arrangement of components forbinding attributes between visual components according to another aspectof the subject matter described herein;

FIG. 4d is a block diagram illustrating an arrangement of components forbinding attributes between visual components according to another aspectof the subject matter described herein;

FIG. 5 is a network diagram illustrating an exemplary system for bindingattributes between visual components according to another aspect of thesubject matter described herein;

FIG. 6a is a diagram illustrating a user interface presented via adisplay according to another aspect of the subject matter describedherein;

FIG. 6b is a diagram illustrating a user interface presented via adisplay according to another aspect of the subject matter describedherein; and

FIG. 7 is an illustration of binding information according to anotheraspect of the subject matter described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

One or more aspects of the disclosure are described with reference tothe drawings, wherein like reference numerals are generally utilized torefer to like elements throughout, and wherein the various structuresare not necessarily drawn to scale. In the following description, forpurposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth inorder to provide a thorough understanding of one or more aspects of thedisclosure. It may be evident, however, to one skilled in the art, thatone or more aspects of the disclosure may be practiced with a lesserdegree of these specific details. In other instances, well-knownstructures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order tofacilitate describing one or more aspects of the disclosure.

An exemplary device included in an execution environment that may beconfigured according to the subject matter is illustrated in FIG. 1. Anexecution environment includes an arrangement of hardware and,optionally, software that may be further configured to include anarrangement of components for performing a method of the subject matterdescribed herein. An execution environment includes and/or is otherwiseprovided by one or more devices. An execution environment may include avirtual execution environment including software components operating ina host execution environment. Exemplary devices included in or otherwiseproviding suitable execution environments for configuring according tothe subject matter include personal computers, notebook computers,tablet computers, servers, handheld and other mobile devices,multiprocessor devices, distributed devices and/or systems, consumerelectronic devices, routers, communication servers, and/or othernetwork-enabled devices. Those skilled in the art will understand thatthe components illustrated in FIG. 1 are exemplary and may vary byparticular execution environment.

FIG. 1 illustrates hardware device 100 included in execution environment102. FIG. 1 illustrates that execution environment 102 includesinstruction-processing unit (IPU) 104, such as one or moremicroprocessors; physical IPU memory 106 including storage locationsidentified by addresses in a physical memory address space of IPU 104;persistent secondary storage 108, such as one or more hard drives and/orflash storage media; input device adapter 110, such as a key or keypadhardware, a keyboard adapter, and/or a mouse adapter; output deviceadapter 112, such as a display and/or an audio adapter for presentinginformation to a user; a network interface component, illustrated bynetwork interface adapter 114, for communicating via a network such as aLAN and/or WAN; and a communication mechanism that couples elements104-114, illustrated as bus 116. Elements 104-114 may be operativelycoupled by various means. Bus 116 may comprise any type of busarchitecture, including a memory bus, a peripheral bus, a local bus,and/or a switching fabric.

IPU 104 is an instruction-execution machine, apparatus, or device.Exemplary IPUs include one or more microprocessors, digital signalprocessors (DSPs), graphics processing units, application-specificintegrated circuits (ASICs), and/or field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs). In the description of the subject matter herein, the terms“IPU” and “processor” are used interchangeably. IPU 104 may accessmachine code instructions and data via one or more memory address spacesin addition to the physical memory address space. A memory address spaceincludes addresses identifying locations in a processor memory. Theaddresses in a memory address space are included in defining a processormemory. IPU 104 may have more than one processor memory. Thus, IPU 104may have more than one memory address space. IPU 104 may access alocation in a processor memory by processing an address identifying thelocation. The processed address may be in an operand of a machine codeinstruction and/or may be identified in a register or other portion ofIPU 104.

FIG. 1 illustrates virtual IPU memory 118 spanning at least part ofphysical IPU memory 106 and at least part of persistent secondarystorage 108. Virtual memory addresses in a memory address space may bemapped to physical memory addresses identifying locations in physicalIPU memory 106. An address space for identifying locations in a virtualprocessor memory is referred to as a virtual memory address space; itsaddresses are referred to as virtual memory addresses; and its IPUmemory is referred to as a virtual IPU memory or virtual memory. Theterms “IPU memory” and “processor memory” are used interchangeablyherein. Processor memory may refer to physical processor memory, such asIPU memory 106, and/or may refer to virtual processor memory, such asvirtual IPU memory 118, depending on the context in which the term isused.

Physical IPU memory 106 may include various types of memorytechnologies. Exemplary memory technologies include static random accessmemory (SRAM) and/or dynamic RAM (DRAM) including variants such as dualdata rate synchronous DRAM (DDR SDRAM), error correcting codesynchronous DRAM (ECC SDRAM), and/or RAMBUS DRAM (RDRAM). Physical IPUmemory 106 may include volatile memory as illustrated in the previoussentence and/or may include nonvolatile memory such as nonvolatile flashRAM (NVRAM) and/or ROM.

Persistent secondary storage 108 may include one or more flash memorystorage devices, one or more hard disk drives, one or more magnetic diskdrives, and/or one or more optical disk drives. Persistent secondarystorage may include removable media. The drives and their associatedcomputer-readable storage media provide volatile and/or nonvolatilestorage for computer-readable instructions, data structures, programcomponents, and other data for execution environment 102.

Execution environment 102 may include software components stored inpersistent secondary storage 108, in remote storage accessible via anetwork, and/or in a processor memory. FIG. 1 illustrates executionenvironment 102 including operating system 120, one or more applications122, and other program code and/or data components illustrated by otherlibraries and subsystems 124. In an aspect, some or all softwarecomponents may be stored in locations accessible to IPU 104 in a sharedmemory address space shared by the software components. The softwarecomponents accessed via the shared memory address space are stored in ashared processor memory defined by the shared memory address space. Inanother aspect, a first software component may be stored in one or morelocations accessed by IPU 104 in a first address space and a secondsoftware component may be stored in one or more locations accessed byIPU 104 in a second address space. The first software component isstored in a first processor memory defined by the first address spaceand the second software component is stored in a second processor memorydefined by the second address space.

Software components typically include instructions executed by IPU 104in a computing context referred to as a “process”. A process may includeone or more “threads”. A “thread” includes a sequence of instructionsexecuted by IPU 104 in a computing sub-context of a process. The terms“thread” and “process” may be used interchangeably herein when a processincludes only one thread.

Execution environment 102 may receive user-provided information via oneor more input devices illustrated by input device 128. Input device 128provides input information to other components in execution environment102 via input device adapter 110. Execution environment 102 may includean input device adapter for a keyboard, a touch screen, a microphone, ajoystick, a television receiver, a video camera, a still camera, adocument scanner, a fax, a phone, a modem, a network interface adapter,and/or a pointing device, to name a few exemplary input devices.

Input device 128 included in execution environment 102 may be includedin device 100 as FIG. 1 illustrates or may be external (not shown) todevice 100. Execution environment 102 may include one or more internaland/or external input devices. External input devices may be connectedto device 100 via corresponding communication interfaces such as aserial port, a parallel port, and/or a universal serial bus (USB) port.Input device adapter 110 receives input and provides a representation tobus 116 to be received by IPU 104, physical processor memory 106, and/orother components included in execution environment 102.

Output device 130, in FIG. 1, exemplifies one or more output devicesthat may be included in and/or may be external to and operativelycoupled to device 100. For example, output device 130 is illustratedconnected to bus 116 via output device adapter 112. Output device 130may be a display device. Exemplary display devices include liquidcrystal displays (LCDs), light emitting diode (LED) displays, andprojectors. Output device 130 presents output of execution environment102 to one or more users. In some embodiments, an input device may alsoinclude an output device. Examples include a phone, a joystick, and/or atouch screen. In addition to various types of display devices, exemplaryoutput devices include printers, speakers, tactile output devices suchas motion-producing devices, and other output devices producing sensoryinformation detectable by a user.

A device included in or otherwise providing an execution environment mayoperate in a networked environment communicating with one or moredevices via one or more network interface components. The terms“communication interface component” and “network interface component”are used interchangeably. FIG. 1 illustrates network interface adapter(NIA) 114 as a network interface component included in executionenvironment 102 to operatively couple device 100 to a network. A networkinterface component includes a network interface hardware (NIH)component and optionally a software component. The terms “network node”and “node” in this document both refer to a device having a networkinterface component for operatively coupling the device to a network.

Exemplary network interface components include network interfacecontroller components, network interface cards, network interfaceadapters, and line cards. A node may include one or more networkinterface components to interoperate with a wired network and/or awireless network. Exemplary wireless networks include a BLUETOOTHnetwork, a wireless 802.11 network, and/or a wireless telephony network(e.g., a cellular, PCS, CDMA, and/or GSM network). Exemplary networkinterface components for wired networks include Ethernet adapters,Token-ring adapters, FDDI adapters, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)adapters, and modems of various types. Exemplary wired and/or wirelessnetworks include various types of LANs, WANs, and/or personal areanetworks (PANs). Exemplary networks also include intranets and internetssuch as the Internet.

The terms “device” and “node” as used herein further refer to one ormore devices and nodes, respectively, providing and/or otherwiseincluded in an execution environment unless clearly indicated otherwise.

The components of a user interface are generically referred to herein asuser interface elements. More specifically, visual components of a userinterface are referred to herein as visual interface elements. A visualinterface element may be a visual component of a graphical userinterface (GUI). Exemplary visual interface elements include windows,textboxes, sliders, list boxes, drop-down lists, spinners, various typesof menus, toolbars, ribbons, combo boxes, tree views, grid views,navigation tabs, scrollbars, labels, tooltips, text in various fonts,balloons, dialog boxes, and various types of button controls includingcheck boxes and radio buttons. An application interface may include oneor more of the elements listed. Those skilled in the art will understandthat this list is not exhaustive. The terms “visual representation”,“visual component”, and “visual interface element” are usedinterchangeably in this document. Other types of user interface elementsinclude audio output components referred to as audio interface elements,tactile output components referred to as tactile interface elements, andthe like.

A visual component may be presented in a two-dimensional presentationwhere a location may be defined in a two-dimensional space having avertical dimension and a horizontal dimension. A location in ahorizontal dimension may be referenced according to an X-axis and alocation in a vertical dimension may be referenced according to aY-axis. In another aspect, a visual component may be presented in athree-dimensional presentation where a location may be defined in athree-dimensional space having a depth dimension in addition to avertical dimension and a horizontal dimension. A location in a depthdimension may be identified according to a Z-axis. A visual component ina two-dimensional presentation may be presented as if a depth dimensionexisted, allowing the visual component to overlie and/or underlie someor all of another visual component.

An order of visual components in a depth dimension is herein referred toas a “Z-order”. The term “Z-value” as used herein refers to a locationin a Z-order, or an order of visual components along a Z-axis. A Z-orderspecifies the front-to-back ordering of visual components in apresentation space. A visual component with a higher Z-value thananother visual component may be defined as being on top of or closer tothe front than the other visual component.

A “user interface (UI) element handler” component, as the term is usedin this document, includes a component configured to send informationrepresenting a program entity for presenting a user-detectablerepresentation of the program entity by an output device, such as adisplay. A “program entity” is an object included in and/or otherwiseprocessed by an application or executable program component. Theuser-detectable representation is presented based on the sentinformation. The sent information is referred to herein as “presentationinformation”. Presentation information may include data in one or moreformats. Exemplary formats include image formats such as JPEG, videoformats such as MP4, markup language data such as HTML and otherXML-based markup, and/or instructions such as those defined by variousscript languages, byte code, and/or machine code. For example, a webpage received by a browser from a remote application provider mayinclude hypertext markup language (HTML), ECMAScript, and/or byte codefor presenting one or more user interface elements included in a userinterface of the remote application. Components configured to sendinformation representing one or more program entities for presentingparticular types of output by particular types of output devices includevisual interface element handler components, audio interface elementhandler components, tactile interface element handler components, andthe like.

A representation of a program entity may be stored and/or otherwisemaintained in a presentation space. As used in this document, the term“presentation space” refers to a storage region allocated and/orotherwise provided for storing presentation information, which mayinclude audio, visual, tactile, and/or other sensory data forpresentation by and/or on an output device. For example, a buffer forstoring an image and/or text string may be a presentation space. Apresentation space may be physically and/or logically contiguous ornon-contiguous. A presentation space may have a virtual as well as aphysical representation. A presentation space may include a storagelocation in a processor memory, secondary storage, a memory of an outputadapter device, and/or a storage medium of an output device. A screen ofa display, for example, includes a presentation space.

As used herein, the term “program” or “executable” refers to any datarepresentation that may be translated into a set of machine codeinstructions and optionally associated program data. Thus, a programcomponent or executable component may include an application, a sharedor non-shared library, and a system command. Program representationsother than machine code include object code, byte code, and source code.Object code includes a set of instructions and/or data elements thateither are prepared for linking prior to loading or are loaded into anexecution environment. When in an execution environment, object code mayinclude references resolved by a linker and/or may include one or moreunresolved references. The context in which this term is used will makeclear that state of the object code when it is relevant. This definitioncan include machine code and virtual machine code, such as Java™ bytecode.

As used herein, an “addressable entity” is a portion of a program,specifiable in programming language in source code. An addressableentity is addressable in a program component translated from the sourcecode in a compatible execution environment. Examples of addressableentities include variables, constants, functions, subroutines,procedures, modules, methods, classes, objects, code blocks, and labeledinstructions. A code block includes one or more instructions in a givenscope specified in a programming language. An addressable entity mayinclude a value. In some places in this document “addressable entity”refers to a value of an addressable entity. In these cases, the contextwill clearly indicate that the value is being referenced.

Addressable entities may be written in and/or translated to a number ofdifferent programming languages and/or representation languages,respectively. An addressable entity may be specified in and/ortranslated into source code, object code, machine code, byte code,and/or any intermediate language(s) for processing by an interpreter,compiler, linker, loader, and/or analogous tool.

The block diagram in FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary system for bindingattributes between visual components according to the method illustratedin FIG. 2. FIG. 3 illustrates a system, adapted for operation in anexecution environment, such as execution environment 102 in FIG. 1, forperforming the method illustrated in FIG. 2. The system illustratedincludes a user interface monitor component 302, a binding directorcomponent 304, a binding monitor component 306, and a change directorcomponent 308. The execution environment includes aninstruction-processing unit, such as IPU 104, for processing aninstruction in at least one of the user interface monitor component 302,the binding director component 304, the binding monitor component 306,and the change director component 308. Some or all of the exemplarycomponents illustrated in FIG. 3 may be adapted for performing themethod illustrated in FIG. 2 in a number of execution environments.FIGS. 4 a-d include block diagrams illustrating the components of FIG. 3and/or analogs of the components of FIG. 3 adapted for operation invarious execution environments 401 including or otherwise provided byone or more devices and/or nodes.

FIG. 1 illustrates components of an exemplary device that may at leastpartially provide and/or otherwise be included in an executionenvironment. The components illustrated in FIGS. 4a-d may be included inor otherwise combined with the components of FIG. 1 to create a varietyof arrangements of components according to the subject matter describedherein.

FIG. 5 illustrates user node 502 as an exemplary device that in variousaspects may be included in and/or otherwise adapted for providing any ofexecution environments 401 illustrated in FIGS. 4a-c each illustrating adifferent adaptation of the arrangement of components in FIG. 3. Asillustrated in FIG. 5, user node 502 is operatively coupled to network504 via a network interface component, such as network interface adapter114. Alternatively or additionally, an adaptation of an executionenvironment 401 may include and/or may otherwise be provided by a devicethat is not operatively coupled to a network. A server device isillustrated by application provider node 506. Application provider node506 may be included in and/or otherwise adapted for providing executionenvironment 401 d illustrated in FIG. 4d . As illustrated in FIG. 5,application provider node 506 is operatively coupled to network 504 viaa network interface component included in execution environment 401 d.

FIG. 4a illustrates execution environment 401 a hosting application 403a including an adaptation of the arrangement of components in FIG. 3.FIG. 4b illustrates execution environment 401 b hosting browser 403 bincluding an adaptation of the arrangement of components in FIG. 3 thatmay operate at least partially in a network application agent 405 breceived from a remote application provider, such as network application403 d in FIG. 4d . Browser 403 b and execution environment 401 b mayprovide at least part of an execution environment for networkapplication agent 405 b that may be received via a network from anetwork application operating in a remote execution environment. FIG. 4cillustrates an arrangement of the components in FIG. 3 adapted tooperate in GUI subsystem 437 c of execution environment 401 c. Thearrangement in FIG. 4c may mediate communication between applications403 c and one or more output devices, such as display 130 in FIG. 1.

FIG. 4d illustrates execution environment 401 d configured to host oneor more network applications, such as a web service, illustrated bynetwork application 403 d. FIG. 4d also illustrates network applicationplatform 409 d that may provide services to one or more networkapplications. Network application 403 d includes yet another adaptationof the arrangement of components in FIG. 3.

The various adaptations of the arrangement in FIG. 3 are not exhaustive.For example, those skilled in the art will see based on the descriptionherein that arrangements of components for performing the methodillustrated in FIG. 2 may be at least partially included in anapplication and at least partially external to the application. Further,arrangements for performing the method illustrated in FIG. 2 may bedistributed across more than one node and/or execution environment. Forexample, such an arrangement may operate at least partially in browser403 b in FIG. 4b and at least partially in execution environment 401 din and/or external to network application 403 d in FIG. 4d .

FIGS. 4a-d illustrate adaptations of network stacks 411 configured forsending and receiving messages over a network, such as network 504, viaa network interface component. Network application platform 409 d inFIG. 4d provides services to one or more network applications. Invarious aspects, network application platform 409 d may include and/orinteroperate with a web server. FIG. 4d also illustrates networkapplication platform 409 d configured for interoperating with networkstack 411 d. Network stacks 411 may support the same protocol suite,such as TCP/IP, or may communicate via a network gateway or otherprotocol translation device and/or service. For example, browser 403 bin FIG. 4b and network application platform 409 d in FIG. 4d mayinteroperate via their respective network stacks: network stack 411 band network stack 411 d.

FIGS. 4a-d respectively illustrate applications 403 that may communicatevia one or more application layer protocols. FIGS. 4a-d respectivelyillustrate application protocol components 413 for communicating via oneor more application layer protocols. Exemplary application protocolsinclude hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) and instant messaging andpresence (XMPP-IM) protocol. Matching protocols enabling applications403 to communicate via network 504 in FIG. 5 are not required, ifcommunication is via a protocol gateway or other protocol translator.

In FIG. 4b , browser 403 b may receive some or all of networkapplication agent 405 b in one or more messages sent from a networkapplication, such as network application 403 d via network applicationplatform 409 d, a network stack 411, a network interface component, andoptionally an application protocol component 413. In FIG. 4b , browser403 b includes content manager component 415 b. Content managercomponent 415 b may interoperate with one or more of applicationprotocol components 413 b and/or network stack 411 b to receive themessage or messages including some or all of network application agent405 b.

Network application agent 405 b may include a web page for presenting auser interface for network application 403 d. The web page may includeand/or reference data represented in one or more formats including HTMLand/or other markup language, ECMAScript or other scripting language,byte code, image data, audio data, and/or machine code.

In an example, in response to a request received from browser 403 b inFIG. 4b operating in user node 502 in FIG. 5, controller component 417d, in FIG. 4d , operating in application provider node 506 may invokemodel subsystem 419 d to perform request-specific processing. Modelsubsystem 419 d may include any number of request handlers (not shown)for dynamically generating data and/or retrieving data from modeldatabase 421 d based on the request. Controller component 417 d mayfurther invoke template engine component 423 d to identify one or moretemplates and/or static data elements for generating a user interfacefor representing a response to the received request. FIG. 4d illustratestemplate database 425 d including exemplary template 427 d. FIG. 4dillustrates template engine 423 d as a component in view subsystem 429 dconfigured to return responses to processed requests in a presentationformat suitable for a client, such as browser 403 b. View subsystem 429d may provide the presentation data to controller component 417 d tosend to browser 403 b in response to the request received from browser403 b. Some or all of network application agent 405 b may be sent tobrowser 403 b via network application platform 409 d as described above.

While the example describes sending some or all of network applicationagent 405 b in response to a request, network application 403 dadditionally or alternatively may send some or all of a networkapplication agent to browser 403 b via one or more asynchronousmessages. In an aspect, an asynchronous message may be sent in responseto a change detected by network application 403 d. Publish-subscribeprotocols, such as the presence protocol specified by XMPP-IM, areexemplary protocols for sending messages asynchronously.

The one or more messages including information representing some or allof network application agent 405 b in FIG. 4b may be received by contentmanager component 415 b via one or more of application protocolcomponent(s) 413 b and network stack 411 b as described above. In FIG.4b , browser 403 b includes one or more content handler components 431 bto process received data according to its data type, typicallyidentified by a MIME-type identifier. Exemplary content handlercomponents 431 b include a text/html content handler component forprocessing HTML documents; an application/xmpp-xml content handlercomponent for processing XMPP streams including presence tuples, instantmessages, and publish-subscribe data as defined by various XMPPspecifications; one or more video content handler components forprocessing video streams of various types; and still image data contenthandler components for processing various images types. Content handlercomponents 431 b process received data and may provide a representationof the processed data to one or more user interface (UI) element handlercomponents 433 b.

UI element handler components 433 are illustrated in presentationcontroller components 435 in FIG. 4a , FIG. 4b , and FIG. 4c . Apresentation controller component 435 may manage the visual, audio,and/or other types of output of its including application 403 as well asreceive and route detected user and other inputs to components andextensions of its including application 403. With respect to FIG. 4b , aUI element handler component 433 b in various aspects may be adapted tooperate at least partially in a content handler component 431 b such asa text/html content handler component and/or a script content handlercomponent. Additionally or alternatively, a UI element handler component433 in an execution environment 401 may operate in and/or as anextension of its including application 403. For example, a plug-in mayprovide a virtual machine, for a UI element handler component receivedas a script and/or byte code, that may operate as an extension inapplication 403 and/or external to and interoperating with application403.

FIGS. 6a-b respectively illustrate display presentation spaces 602 of adisplay in and/or operatively coupled to a device. FIGS. 6a-b illustratefirst app visual components 604-1 and second app visual components 604-2in respective presentation spaces 602. The various app visual components604 illustrated in FIGS. 6a-b are described as user interfaces ofvarious applications 403 and other components illustrated in FIGS. 4a-das required in describing the subject matter herein. An app visualcomponent 604 may be provided as a user interface of multipleapplications interoperating. For example, an app visual component 604and/or a visual component included in an app visual component 604 may bepresented via interoperation of browser 403 b, network application agent405 b, and network application 403 d illustrated in FIG. 4b and FIG. 4d. Browser 403 b may operate in user node 502, and network application403 d may operate in application provider node 506. Network applicationagent 405 b may be provided to user node 502 by application providernode 506 via network 504, as described above.

Various UI elements of applications 403 described above may be presentedby one or more UI element handler components 433 in FIGS. 4a-c and/or byone or more template engines 423 d in FIG. 4d . In an aspect,illustrated in FIGS. 4a-4c , UI element handler component(s) 433 of oneor more applications 403 is/are configured to send representationinformation representing a visual interface element, such as operationbar 612-2 a in FIG. 6a , to a GUI subsystem 437. A GUI subsystem 437 mayinstruct a corresponding graphics subsystem 439 to draw the visualinterface element in a region of display presentation space 602 a, basedon presentation information received from a corresponding UI elementhandler component 433.

Input may be received corresponding to a UI element via an input driver441 illustrated in FIGS. 4a-c in various adaptations. For example, auser may move a mouse to move a pointer presented in displaypresentation space 602 a in FIG. 6a over an operation user interfaceelement presented in an operation bar 612-2 a. A user may provide aninput detected by the mouse. The detected input may be received by a GUIsubsystem 437 via an input driver 441 as an operation or commandindicator based on the association of the shared location of the pointerand the operation user interface element in display presentation space602 a.

In FIGS. 6a-b , first app visual components 604-1 and second app visualcomponents 604-2 are collectively and generically referred to as appvisual components(s) 604. App visual components 604 in FIGS. 6a-billustrate a number of visual user interface elements commonly found inapplication user interfaces. Menu bars 606-1 are illustrated in firstapp visual components 604-1 in FIGS. 6a-b . Menu bars 606-1 areillustrated including menu controls for receiving user input to identifycommands to perform. App visual components 604 also illustrate userinterface elements providing respective application presentation spaces608 for presenting content including other visual components illustratedby resource user interface elements 6141 a through 6142 n in FIG. 6arepresenting respective resources.

With reference to FIG. 2, block 202 illustrates that the method includesdetecting a first visual component including a first presentation spacefor presenting first data by an operating first application.Accordingly, a system for binding attributes between visual componentsincludes means for detecting a first visual component including a firstpresentation space for presenting first data by an operating firstapplication. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3, user interfacemonitor component 302 is configured for detecting a first visualcomponent including a first presentation space for presenting first databy an operating first application. FIGS. 4a-d illustrate user interfacemonitor components 402 as adaptations and/or analogs of user interfacemonitor component 302 in FIG. 3. One or more user interface monitorcomponents 402 operate in an execution environment 401.

In FIG. 4a , user interface (UI) monitor component 402 a is illustratedas a component of application 403 a. In FIG. 4b , user interface monitorcomponent 402 b is illustrated as component of browser 403 b. In FIG. 4c, user interface monitor component 402 c is illustrated operatingexternal to one or more applications 403 c. Execution environment 401 cincludes user interface monitor component 402 c in GUI subsystem 437 c.In FIG. 4d , user interface monitor component 402 d is illustratedoperating in network application 403 d remote from a display device forpresenting and/or updating a visual component. For example, userinterface monitor component 402 d may operate in application providernode 506 while a visual component is presented via a display device ofuser node 502 based on presentation information sent via network 504from application provider node 506.

A visual component may be detected, for example, by receiving a requestto present the visual component, receiving a request for a resource forpresenting the visual component, detecting a change in at least aportion of a presentation space, intercepting a communicationidentifying the visual component, receiving an input corresponding tothe visual component, receiving a notification identifying the visualcomponent, and sending presentation information to present at least aportion of the visual component.

In FIG. 4a , user interface (UI) monitor component 402 a may receive arequest to present a visual component, such as one or more app visualcomponents 604 illustrated in FIGS. 6a-b . UI monitor component 402 amay be configured to intercept and/or otherwise mediate access to one ormore UI element handler components 433 a for presenting an app visualcomponent 604 and/or other visual components of application 403 a. UImonitor component 402 a may send presentation information and/orinformation for generating presentation information to a UI elementhandler component 433 a for presenting some or all of a visual componentvia a display device.

In FIG. 4b , UI monitor component 402 b may receive, intercept, and/orotherwise mediate processing of a request for a resource for presentinga visual component such as a browser tab, a browser window of browser403 b, and/or content received from network application 403 d in FIG. 4doperating in application provider node 506. Content from networkapplication 403 d may include network application agent 405 b and/orcontent retrieved by network application agent 405 b. UI monitorcomponent 402 b may be a component of browser 403 b. Alternatively oradditionally, a UI monitor component 402 may operate as a component ofnetwork application agent 405 b and/or a component of networkapplication 403 d as illustrated by UI monitor component 402 d.

UI monitor component 402 c in FIG. 4c may detect a visual componentbased on operations performed by GUI subsystem 437 c for the visualcomponent. A visual component may be detected by detecting a change in apresentation space. Detecting a change to a presentation space mayinclude detecting a visual component presented via the presentationspace, detecting a visual component based on an update of the visualcomponent in the presentation space, and/or detecting a visual componentbased on removing the visual component from the presentation space.

A visual component may be detected in response to a user input. UImonitor component 402 c may receive and/or otherwise monitor user inputreceived for a visual component. Alternatively or additionally, UImonitor component 402 c may detect a visual component by accessing a logfor recording operations associated with the visual component maintainedby GUI subsystem 437 c and/or graphics subsystem 439 c. The log may beaccessed via receiving notifications of log entries.

As described above, a visual component may be detected by an applicationpresenting some or all of the visual component, by a remote node, and/orby a component operating external to an application presenting some orall of the visual component.

FIGS. 6a-b illustrate various display presentation spaces 602 andapplication presentation spaces 608 as exemplary presentations spaces.Applications 403 in FIGS. 4a-c may present data respectively processedby applications 403 in presentation spaces 608 provided for therespective applications 403.

Returning to FIG. 2, block 204 illustrates that the method furtherincludes identifying binding information, for the first application,that specifies a mapping between a first visual attribute of the firstvisual component and a second visual attribute of a second visualcomponent including a second presentation space for presenting seconddata by a second application. Accordingly, a system for bindingattributes between visual components includes means for identifyingbinding information, for the first application, that specifies a mappingbetween a first visual attribute of the first visual component and asecond visual attribute of a second visual component including a secondpresentation space for presenting second data by a second application.For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3, binding director component 304 isconfigured for identifying binding information, for the firstapplication, that specifies a mapping between a first visual attributeof the first visual component and a second visual attribute of a secondvisual component including a second presentation space for presentingsecond data by a second application. FIGS. 4a-d illustrate bindingdirector components 404 as adaptations and/or analogs of bindingdirector component 304 in FIG. 3. One or more binding directorcomponents 404 operate in an execution environment 401.

The first data and the second data may have a same or different source,may have a same or different data type, and/or may represent a sameentity or different entities. The data presented by one of theapplications may be a representation of the other application or may notbe a representation of the other application. One or more of the firstapplication and the second application may or may not present a desktopcomponent such as an application bar, task, bar, start menu, and thelike.

FIG. 7 illustrates exemplary binding information represented inextensible markup language (XML) according to a schema specifying atleast one of a format and a vocabulary for defining valid bindinginformation. Binding information may be represented in any suitablerepresentation including declaratory representations, source coderepresentations, binary representations, and script representations, toname a few examples. In FIG. 7 a <visual-binding> element 702 may bedefined to specify binding information for a first applicationidentified by a first <application> tag 704-1 and a second applicationidentified by a second <application> tag 704-2. The applications areidentified by file path identifiers in FIG. 7 respectively specified bya first path attribute 706-1 and a second path attribute 706-2 includedin first <application> tag 704-1 and second <application> tag 704-2. Anapplication may be identified in other aspects by and/or otherwise basedon, for example, a process identifier, a uniform resource identifier(URI), a user ID, a matching criterion based on an attribute of anapplication, a time, and/or a task.

FIG. 7 illustrates first id attribute 708-1 in first <application> tag704-1. An id attribute in an <application> tag may be defined toidentify and/or assign an alias for an application identified by the<application> tag. First id attribute 708-1 identifies “editor” as analias for an HTML editor application identified by first path attribute706-1. The “editor” alias may be recognizable by the first applicationand/or by an external component included in presenting a visualcomponent of the application, such as a GUI subsystem 437 in FIGS. 4a-c. Analogously, FIG. 7 also illustrates a second id attribute 708-2 insecond <application> tag 704-2. Second id attribute 708-2 identifies“navigator”as an alias for a file search application identified bysecond path attribute 706-2.

Id attributes 708 may be defined for specifying a matching criterionbased on one or more attributes of an application and/or any otherinformation detectable within an execution environment of anapplication. For example, a matching criterion for identifying anapplication may include and/or otherwise may be based on a user ID, acontent type of data processed by the application, a time of operation,a detected change in the application, a type of visual componentpresented by the application, an attribute of a visual component of theapplication, a storage location, and/or a task.

FIG. 7 illustrates several <attribute-binding> tags 710. An<attribute-binding> tag 710 may be defined for specifying a mappingbetween a first visual attribute of a first visual component of a firstapplication and a second visual attribute of a second visual componentof a second application. FIG. 7 also illustrates that an id attribute712 in an <attribute-binding> tag 710 may be assigned a value thatidentifies a visual attribute in a visual component. In FIG. 7, first idattribute 712-1 is assigned a value “editor.main.state”. According to aschema for the illustrated binding information specified by<visual-binding> tag 702, the “editor” portion may identify the editorapplication based on a match with id attribute 708-1. The “main”portion, in the middle, may be an alias and/or other identifieridentifying a visual component in the identified application. Idattribute 712-1 specifies a visual component assigned “main” as an aliasand may identify the main window for the first application. A lastportion of id attribute 712-1 may be defined to identify an attribute ofthe identified visual component. Id attribute 712-1 specifies “state”identifying a state attribute identifying a visual state of the visualcomponent.

FIG. 7 illustrates several op-id attributes 714 that correspond torespective id attributes 712 included in an <attribute-binding> tag 710with an op-id attribute 714. Op-id attribute 714-1 identifies a valuefor the state attribute identified in id attribute 712-1. An op-idattribute may be defined to identify a change in an attribute to bedetected by an adaptation and/or analog of UI monitor component 302 inFIG. 3 such as UI monitor components 402 illustrated in FIGS. 4a-d . An“init” value may indicate a change in a visual component fromuninitialized and not visible to initialized and visible. Thus, thechange identified in the main visual component in the editor applicationis a first presentation of the main visual component.

Id attributes 712 may be defined for specifying a matching criterionbased on one or more attributes, visual and/or not, of a visualcomponent and/or any other information detectable within an executionenvironment for presenting the visual component application. Forexample, a matching criterion for identifying a visual component mayinclude and/or otherwise may be based on type of visual component and/orother visual component attribute. A visual component may be identifiedbased on a user ID, a content type of data presented in the visualcomponent, a time of presentation and/or update respective to anothervisual component, a storage location, and/or a task, to name someexamples. Analogously, a visual attribute of a visual component may beidentified based on a specified matching criterion.

FIG. 7 also illustrates several <bind> tags 718 respectively in the<attribute-binding>tags 710. A <bind> tag 718 may be defined for specifya mapping between a visual component identified in an including<attribute-binding> tag 710 by an id attribute 712 and a second visualattribute of a second visual component of a second application, such asthe file search application identified by second <application> tag704-2. In an aspect, an <attribute-binding> tag 710 may include morethan one <bind> tag 718 for specifying more than one mapping. In FIG. 7,first <bind> tag 718-1 includes id attribute 720-1. In an aspect, an idattribute 720 in a <bind> tag 718 may be defined for specifying a visualattribute of a visual component in the same and/or analogous manner thatan id attribute 712 in an <attribute-binding> tag 710 is defined. Idattribute 720-1 may be defined to identify a “main” visual component inthe navigator application identified by second <application> tag 704-2.Id attribute 720-1 in FIG. 7 may identify a “state” attribute of themain visual component in the navigator application.

An op-id attribute 722 in a <bind> tag 718 may be defined to identify achange to be made to a visual attribute identified in an id attribute720 in the tag. Op-id attribute 722-1 in FIG. 7 may indicate that whenthe main window in the editor application changes to an init state andbecomes visible, the main window in the navigator application shouldchange state to be presented and be visible as well. This may requirestarting the navigator application if it is not already operating. Paramattribute 724-1 in FIG. 7 illustrates an attribute that may be definedfor specifying one or more parameters for providing and/or otherwiseidentifying in change information for changing a visual attribute of avisual component.

In FIG. 4a , binding director component 404 a may include and/orotherwise include a reference to binding information. Bindinginformation may be included in an installation of an application asmetadata in a folder of the application stored in a persistent datastore such as a file system on a hard drive. Binding director component404 a may include and/or otherwise access code for searching and/orotherwise retrieving binding information from a database, a registry,and/or other searchable data store.

In FIG. 4b , binding director component 404 b may access bindinginformation included in network application agent 405 b. Alternativelyor additionally, binding director component 404 b may receive bindinginformation included in and/or otherwise accessible to browser 403 b. Inanother aspect, binding director 404 b may access binding informationfor an application from a remote node. In a further aspect, bindingdirector component 404 b operating in user node 502 may interoperatewith binding director component 404 d in network application 403 doperating in application provider node 506 to receive and/or otherwiseidentify binding information via network 504.

In FIG. 4d , binding director component 404 d may identify bindinginformation received from a client such as browser 403 b in FIG. 4b .The binding information may be received from a user of browser 403 b,included in browser 403 b, and/or otherwise accessed by browser 403 band/or network application agent 405 b. Alternatively or additionally,binding director component 404 d may retrieve binding information from adata store, such as model database 421 d, based on a matching criterionas described above and illustrated in FIG. 7.

In FIG. 4c , binding director component 404 c may access bindinginformation, such as illustrated in FIG. 7, from an attribute bindingdata store (not shown). With respect to the binding informationillustrated in FIG. 7, binding director component 404 c may receive apath of an executable file for first application 403-1 c when firstapplication 403-1 c is initiated in execution environment 401 c.Alternatively or additionally, binding director component 404 c mayreceive a path of an executable file for first application 403-1 c whenfirst application 403-1 c accesses GUI subsystem 437 c to access aservice and/or other resource type. Binding director component 404 c mayperform and/or request a lookup of binding information based on, forexample, a file path of a file included in an application.

In another aspect, a binding director component 404, such as bindingdirector component 404 c, may receive an input indicating a first visualcomponent. Binding director component 404 c may present a user interfaceelement identifying one or more attributes of the indicated visualcomponent for selecting by a user. A user input selecting and/orotherwise identifying a visual attribute may be received by bindingdirector component 404 c. Binding director component 404 c may receiveadditional information identifying a visual attribute of another visualcomponent along with user input specifying a type of binding for mappingthe first visual attribute to the second visual attribute in response toa change in the first visual attribute. Types of bindings are describedabove and illustrated in FIG. 7 identified by op-id attributes 714 inrespective <attribute-binding> tags 710 and in op-id attributes 722 inrespective <bind> tags 718. Thus, an arrangement of componentsillustrated in FIG. 3 may be adapted to receive binding information froma user based on an operating application identified in the generatedbinding information.

Returning to FIG. 2, block 206 illustrates that the method yet furtherincludes detecting a first change to the first visual attribute.Accordingly, a system for binding attributes between visual componentsincludes means for detecting a first change to the first visualattribute. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3, binding monitorcomponent 306 is configured for detecting a first change to the firstvisual attribute. FIGS. 4a-d illustrate binding monitor components 406as adaptations and/or analogs of binding monitor component 306 in FIG.3. One or more binding monitor components 406 operate in an executionenvironment 401.

A change, in a visual attribute of a visual component, may be detectedby receiving a request to change the visual component including theattribute, receiving a request for a resource for changing the visualattribute, detecting a change in at least a portion of a presentationspace including the visual component including the attribute,intercepting a communication identifying a change to the attribute,receiving an input corresponding to the visual component for changingthe attribute, receiving a notification identifying the attribute of thevisual component, and sending presentation information to present atleast a portion of the visual component. Changing a visual attribute mayinclude modifying an existing attribute, creating and/or adding thevisual attribute, and/or removing the attribute from a visual component.

In FIG. 4a , binding monitor component 406 a may receive a request tochange a visual attribute of a visual component, such as a size, acolor, a font, a width, a height, a background, an indicator of an inputfocus state, a transparency level, a Z-value, and/or a location of oneor more app visual components 604 and/or visual components included inone or more app visual components 604 illustrated in FIGS. 6a-b .Binding monitor component 406 a may be configured to intercept and/orotherwise mediate access to one or more UI element handler components433 a for changing a visual attribute of an app visual component 604and/or other visual components of one or more applications 403 a.Binding monitor component 406 a may send presentation information and/orinformation for generating presentation information to a UI elementhandler component 433 a for changing a visual attribute via a displaydevice.

In FIG. 4b , binding monitor component 406 b may receive, intercept,and/or otherwise mediate processing of a request for a resource forchanging a visual attribute of a visual component such as a backgroundof a browser tab of browser 403 b, and/or a location of a visualcomponent presented via browser 403 b by network application agent 405 breceived from network application 403 d in FIG. 4d operating inapplication provider node 506. Binding monitor component 406 b may be acomponent of browser 403 b. Alternatively or additionally, a bindingmonitor component 406 may operate as a component of network applicationagent 405 b and/or a component of network application 403 d asillustrated by binding monitor component 406 d.

Binding monitor component 406 c in FIG. 4c may detect a change in avisual attribute of a visual component based on one or more operationsperformed by GUI subsystem 437 c for and/or otherwise associated withthe visual component. A change in a visual attribute may be detected bydetecting changes in a presentation space such as a display presentationspace 602 illustrated in FIGS. 6a-b . A change to a presentation spacemay include detecting a change to a visual attribute of a visualcomponent presented via the presentation space, detecting a change basedon an update of the visual component in the presentation space, and/ordetecting a change based on removing the visual attribute from thevisual component in the presentation space. A change to a visualattribute may be in response to and detected in response to a userinput.

Binding monitor component 406 c may receive and/or otherwise monitoruser input received for a visual component. Alternatively oradditionally, binding monitor component 406 c may receive changeinformation by accessing a log maintained by GUI subsystem 437 c and/orgraphics subsystem 439 c. The log may be accessed via receivingnotifications of log entries.

As described above, a change in a visual attribute of a visual componentmay be detected by an application presenting some or all of the visualcomponent, by a remote node, and/or by a component operating external toan application presenting some or all of the visual component.

FIG. 7 illustrates that exemplary visual attributes include a visualstate of a visual component, an input focus state which is visuallydetectable, a size, a transparency level, and a location. FIG. 7 furtherillustrates that binding information may identify a visual attribute ofa visual component for which a change is to be detected. A bindingmonitor component 406 may access and process binding informationillustrated in FIG. 7 to identify visual components and visualattributes to monitor.

Returning to FIG. 2, block 208 illustrates that the method yet furtherincludes, in response to detecting the first change, automaticallysending change information to change the second visual attributeaccording to the mapping. Accordingly, a system for binding attributesbetween visual components includes means for, in response to detectingthe first change, automatically sending change information to change thesecond visual attribute according to the mapping. For example, asillustrated in FIG. 3, change director component 308 is configured for,in response to detecting the first change, automatically sending changeinformation to change the second visual attribute according to themapping. FIGS. 4a-d illustrate change director components 408 asadaptations and/or analogs of change director component 308 in FIG. 3.One or more change director components 408 operate in an executionenvironment 401.

Change information for changing a visual attribute of a visual componentmay be sent via any suitable mechanism including an invocationmechanism, such as a function and/or method call utilizing a stackframe; an interprocess communication mechanism, such as a pipe, asemaphore, a shared data area, and/or a message queue; a register of ahardware component, such as an IPU register; and/or a networkcommunication, such as an HTTP request and/or an asynchronous message.

In FIG. 4a , change director component 408 a may include a UI elementhandler component 433 a for presenting and/or otherwise sending changeinformation for changing a second visual attribute of a second visualcomponent, in response to detecting a change in a first visual attributeof a first visual component. A UI element handler component 433 a inchange director component 408 a may send presentation information forchanging a visual attribute by invoking GUI subsystem 437 a to presentthe visual component with the changed visual attribute. Alternatively oradditionally, change director component 408 a may interoperate with auser interface handler component 433 a for changing the visual attributein a presentation of a visual component. For example, change directorcomponent 408 a may send color information to change a color of a titlebar of a visual component in response to a detecting a change in aZ-value of another visual component. The color may indicate a state ofone or more resources represented in the visual component with respectto a change in an operating state of the application where the operatingstate change is indicated by the change in Z-value.

Presentation information representing a new, updated, and/or removedattribute may include information for changing a border thickness in aborder included in a visual component. The border thickness may mirrorthe thickness or width of a border in another visual component. Thepresentation information may be sent, for example by GUI subsystem 437 ain FIG. 4a , to present the change in the visual attribute based on themapping specified in the binding information. The change information issent in response to a detected change in a visual attribute identifiedby the binding information.

As described above and illustrated in <attribute-binding> tag 710-1 inFIG. 7, a change in an operating state that is visually detectable by auser may be detected and mapped to a change in a visually detectableattribute including an operating state of another application. FIG. 7illustrates other exemplary mappings between visual attributes of visualcomponents presented by respective applications. In<attribute-binding>tag 710-2, a size attribute of the main window of theeditor application is identified by id attribute 712-2. Op-id attribute714-2 specifies “max”, which may be defined to indicate a change of thesize of the main window to a maximum size in a presentation space inwhich the main window visual component is presented. A size attribute ofthe main visual component of the navigator application is identified inid attribute 720-2 in <bind> tag 718-2 defining a mapping between achange in size in the main visual component in the editor application toa change in size in the main visual component in the navigatorapplication. Op-id attribute 722-2 specified as “min” may be defined toindicate that the main window of the navigator application is to beminimized in response to detecting that the main window of the editorapplication has changed to a maximum size.

In an aspect, binding information may include information specifyingwhether a mapping is unidirectional or bidirectional. A symmetricattribute 716-2 is illustrated in <attribute-binding> tag 710-2. Thesymmetric attribute 716-2 illustrates an exemplary attribute which maybe defined to indicate that the mapping specified in<attribute-binding>tag 710-2 is symmetric, indicating that changes inthe second visual component are to be detected and the first visualcomponent is to be changed according to the specified mapping. In FIG.7, mappings may be non-symmetric or unidirectional by default.

In <attribute-binding> tag 710-3, FIG. 7 illustrates that the sizeattribute of the main window of the editor application is specified byid attribute 712-3. Op-id attribute 714-3 specifies “change” which maybe defined to indicate that any and/or every change in the size of themain window is to be detected. The size attribute of the main visualcomponent of the navigator application is identified in id attribute720-3 in <bind> tag 718-3 defining another mapping between a change insize in the main visual component in the editor application to a changein size in the main visual component in the navigator application. Op-idattribute 722-3 specified as “opposite” may be defined to indicate thatthe main window of the navigator application is to be changed in size inan opposite manner to a detected change in size of the first visualcomponent identified in <attribute-binding> tag 710-3. Thus when thefirst visual component increases in size, the second visual component isto be decreased in size and vice versa. Symmetric attribute 716-3 may bespecified as illustrated to indicate that the mapping is bi-directional.

In <attribute-binding> tag 710-4, FIG. 7 illustrates that the sizeattribute of the main window of the editor application is againspecified by id attribute 712-4. Op-id attribute 714-4 specifies thevalue “resize”, which may be defined to be an equivalent of the “change”value described above. The size attribute of the main visual componentof the navigator application is identified in id attribute 720-4 in<bind> tag 718-4 defining a mapping between a change in size in the mainvisual component in the editor application to a change in size and/orlocation in the main visual component in the navigator application.Op-id attribute 722-4 specified as “empty-space” may be defined toindicate that the main window of the navigator application is to bechanged to fill the largest space external to the first visual componentidentified in <attribute-binding> tag 710-4 in a presentation spaceincluding both visual components. Symmetric attribute 716-4 may bespecified as illustrated to indicate that the mapping is notbi-directional.

In <attribute-binding> tag 710-5, FIG. 7 illustrates a locationattribute of the main window of the editor application specified by idattribute 712-5. Op-id attribute 714-5 specifies the value “change”,which may be defined to be any and/or every change that is to bedetected in the location of the identified visual component. Thelocation attribute of the main visual component of the navigatorapplication is identified in id attribute 720-5 in <bind> tag 718-5defining a mapping between a change in a location in the main visualcomponent in the editor application to a change in size and/or locationin the main visual component in the navigator application. Op-idattribute 722-5 specified as “empty-space”may be defined to indicatethat the main window of the navigator application is to be changed tofill the largest space external to the first visual component identifiedin <attribute-binding> tag 710-5 in a presentation space including bothvisual components. Symmetric attribute 716-5 may be specified asillustrated to indicate that the mapping is bi-directional.

In <attribute-binding> tag 710-6, FIG. 7 illustrates a state attributeof the main window of the editor application specified by id attribute712-6. Op-id attribute 714-6 specifies the value “on-focus”, which maybe defined to identify a change including an assignment of input focusfor an input device for the visual component. A change in input focusstate is visually detectable by a user via one or more attributes of thevisual component. The location attribute of the main visual component ofthe navigator application is identified in id attribute 720-6 in <bind>tag 718-6 defining a mapping between a change in a focus attributeincluded in the state of the main visual component in the editorapplication to a change in size and/or location in the main visualcomponent in the navigator application. Op-id attribute 722-6 specifiedas “empty-space”may be defined to indicate that the main window of thenavigator application is to be changed, if needed, to fill the largestspace external to the first visual component identified in<attribute-binding> tag 710-6 in a presentation space including bothvisual components when the main window in the editor program is assignedinput focus. Symmetric attribute 716-6 may be specified as illustratedto indicate that the mapping is bi-directional.

In <attribute-binding> tag 710-7, FIG. 7 illustrates a transparencyattribute of the main window of the editor application specified by idattribute 712-7. Op-id attribute 714-7 specifies the value “change”,which may be defined to identify a change in a transparency level of thevisual component. The transparency attribute of the main visualcomponent of the navigator application is identified in id attribute720-7 in <bind>tag 718-7 defining a mapping between a change in atransparency attribute of the main visual component in the editorapplication to a change in transparency in the main visual component inthe navigator application. Op-id attribute 722-7 specified as “match”may be defined to indicate that the transparency of the main window ofthe navigator application is to be changed, to match the transparency ofthe first visual component identified in <attribute-binding> tag 710-7in a presentation space including both visual components when the mainwindow in the editor program is assigned input focus. Symmetricattribute 716-7 may be specified as illustrated to indicate that themapping is bi-directional.

FIGS. 6a-b illustrate other exemplary mappings that may be supported byvarious adaptations of the arrangement of components in FIG. 3 invarious aspects. In FIG. 6a , a top border of first app visual component604-1 a may be mapped to a bottom border of second app visual component604-2 a as specified by binding information received by a bindingdirector component, such as binding director component 404 b in FIG. 4.First app visual component 604-1 a may be presented by browser 403 b. Inanother aspect, a first visual component may be presented inpresentation space 608-1 a by network application agent 405 b. A secondapp visual component may be presented by another application (not shown)operating in execution environment 401 b. Second app visual component604-2 a may present user interface elements 614 representing resourcesthat may be processed by browser 403 b and/or network application agent405 b. For example, network application agent 405 b may include data foruploading one or more media files, such as a video, to a video servicesite provided by network application 403 d provided by a serviceprovider including application provider node 506. Selecting a resourceuser interface element, illustrated by resource user interface element6142 b, may automatically add the resource represented by the userinterface element to an upload list. Alternatively or additionally, theposition of second app visual component 604-2 a with respect to firstapp visual component 604-1 b allows a user to easily drag and drop aresource user interface element 614 onto presentation space 608-1 a forprocessing a resource represented by the user interface element. Theresource may be processed by browser 403 b, by network application agent405 b, and/or by network application 403 d operating in a remote node,such as application provider node 506 in FIG. 5.

The two applications may interoperate based on binding informationincluded in and/or otherwise identified by one or both applications. Inan aspect, binding information may specify that changes to a locationand/or size of the top border of first app visual component 604-1 a areto be mirrored or matched by changes in the bottom border of second appvisual component 604-2 a. This may be specified by mapping the twoborders and/or may be specified indirectly by mapping size and locationattributes between the two visual components. Note that as the topborder of first app visual component 604-1 a changes size and/orlocation, the size and/or location of other visual components includedin one or both of first app visual component 604-1 a and second appvisual component 604-2 a may change. For example, when a change inlocation of the top border of first app visual component 604-1 a isdetected and it is determined that the top border has moved toward thetop of desktop presentation space 602 a, the size and shape of secondapp visual component 604-2 a may change. For example, the side bordersmay be made shorter. Binding information may be specified in terms ofthese other changes in addition to or instead of binding informationthat identifies the top border of first app visual component 604-1 a andthe bottom border of second app visual component 604-2 a.

In FIG. 6b , first app visual component 604-1 b, second app visualcomponent 604-2 b, and third app visual component 604-3 b may haverespective visual attributes that are mapped by one or more bindinginformation specifications. For example, size and location attributes ofeach of the visual components may be bound. When first app visualcomponent 604-1 b changes from minimized to a restored or maximized sizeand location, change information may be sent to respective applicationsby a change director component 408 to change one or both of second appvisual component 604-2 b and third app visual component 604-3 b to aminimized state presented in specified respective locations in displaypresentation space 602 b. First binding information may be specified formapping first app visual component 604-1 b and second app visualcomponent 604-2 b. Second binding information may be specified formapping first app visual component 604-1 b and third app visualcomponent 604-3 b. Third binding information may be specified formapping second app visual component 604-2 b and third app visualcomponent 604-3 b. In an aspect, a single instance of bindinginformation may include all the mapping information for all mappingsamong the visual attributes of the three visual components.

The method illustrated in FIG. 2 may include additional aspectssupported by various adaptations and/or analogs of the arrangement ofcomponents in FIG. 3. In various aspects, detecting a visual componentmay include receiving an indication to present the visual component,detecting an access to a resource for presenting the visual component,intercepting a communication for presenting the visual component, and/orreceiving a message via a network identifying the visual component.Detecting an access to a resource for presenting a visual component mayinclude detecting an access to an output device to present the visualcomponent.

A resource accessed for presenting a visual component may include asemaphore, a lock, a presentation space, a component of a graphical userinterface subsystem, a component of a graphics subsystem, a displayadapter, a display device, an access control component, a serializationcomponent, a synchronization component; and/or a network component. Forexample, access to a buffer in a display adapter may be serialized via asemaphore or lock. The buffer may provide storage for a presentationspace. In FIG. 4c , UI monitor 402 c may include instructionsimplementing the semaphore. Presenting a visual component, in an aspect,may require requesting the semaphore. UI monitor component 402 c mayreceive the request for the semaphore and identify and/or otherwisedetect a visual component in response to providing the semaphore, whichmay allow access to the presentation space via one or more servicefunctions provided by GUI subsystem 437 c.

Detecting a visual component may include receiving a user inputcorresponding to the visual component and/or another visual component.As described above, a GUI subsystem 437 in any and/or all of FIGS. 4a-dmay receive an input from an input device via an input driver 441. Theinput may be associated with a location in a presentation space of adisplay, such as location of a visual pointer icon and/or a location ofa user interface element having input focus for the input device. GUIsubsystem 437 may identify an application having a visual componentpresented in the location and provide input information to theapplication for the corresponding visual component. The inputinformation provided by GUI subsystem 437 may identify the visualcomponent to a respective UI monitor component 402 in a respectiveexecution environment 401 in some or all of FIGS. 4a-d .

A visual component may be included in and/or may include a window, atextbox, a user interface input control, a button control, a check box,a radio button, a slider, a progress bar, a list box, a drop-down list,a spinner, a menu, a menu item, a menu bar, a tool button, a toolbar, aribbon, a combo box, a tree view, a grid view, a tab, a scrollbar, alabel, a tooltip, text, a balloon, and/or a dialog box.

Detecting a first visual component may include detecting a second visualcomponent. Binding information may be identified based the second visualcomponent. The first visual component may be identified based on amapping identified in the binding information. FIG. 7 illustrates thatgiven a path identifier of either of the applications identified in the<application> 704 tags, the other application may be identified.

Detecting a visual component may include receiving binding information.The binding information may identify the visual component and/or thevisual component may otherwise be identified based on the bindinginformation. In an aspect, binding information may include and/orotherwise identify a matching criterion that matches an applicationand/or a visual component of an application. For example, a bindingdirector component 404 in any or all of FIGS. 4a-d may retrieve and/orotherwise receive binding information. The binding information mayidentify one or more visual components of one or more applications. Thebinding director component 404 may provide information identifying theone or more visual components to a respective UI monitor component 402to identify visual components and corresponding visual attributes tomonitor for changes. In FIG. 7, <attribute-binding> tags 710 identifyvisual components of applications identified in <application> tags 704.

Binding information may be based on one or more of an attribute of atype of data processed by one or more applications, a program linkbetween a first application and a second application, an operation thatincludes processing by a first application and processing by a secondapplication, a data entity accessible to a first application and asecond application, and an output of an application that is processed asan input by another application. For example, a binding directorcomponent 404 in any of FIGS. 4a-d may generate and/or otherwiseidentify binding information for a visual component based on determiningthat a first visual component presents data having a content type thatmatches an input data type of a second application. The binding director404 may generate binding information automatically and/or may provideinformation for a user to specify some of the binding information.

Binding information may be received from and/or otherwise beconfigurable by a user of one more or applications associated with thebinding information. Binding information may be located and/or otherwiseidentified for a visual component based on a matching criterion based onone or more of an attribute of the visual component, an applicationpresenting the visual component, a user of the application, a devicehosting the application, and a task, as well as other informationdescribed above and/or illustrated in FIG. 7. Binding information mayinclude an application identifier of an application, a visual componentidentifier of a visual component, and/or an attribute identifier of avisual attribute of a visual component.

Exemplary visual attributes of a visual component that may be includedin a mapping specified in binding information include one or more of afont, a color, a location in a presentation space, a size, a visibilityattribute, a shape, a measure of time, a Z-value, a transparencyattribute, a shading attribute, a visible pattern, a line thickness, andan attribute of a background. A visual attribute of a visual componentmay include a visual attribute of a visual subcomponent of the visualcomponent.

Binding information may be identified via a message received via anetwork, an interprocess communication mechanism, a shared region of adata storage medium, and/or a user input. Binding information may beincluded in an application. Binding information may be identified basedon a user of a visual component, an administrator of an application, adeveloper of at least a portion of an application, and/or a distributorof an application. Identifying binding information may include receivingthe binding information from a first application, locating the bindinginformation based on an attribute of the first application, and/orreceiving a user input identifying the binding information.

Detecting a change to a visual attribute of a visual component mayinclude receiving attribute information, for changing the visualattribute, in response to a user input corresponding to a first visualcomponent. The change may be detected based on the attributeinformation. Detecting a change may include receiving a changeindication identifying the change. Detecting a change may includereceiving change information via a message received via a network, aninterprocess communication mechanism, a shared region of a data storagemedium, and/or a user input. Detecting a change may include receiving anindication to change a visual attribute, detecting an access to aresource for changing a visual attribute, intercepting a communicationfor changing a visual attribute, and receiving a message via a networkidentifying a visual attribute.

Detecting an access to a resource for changing a visual attribute mayinclude detecting an access to an output device to change the visualattribute. The resource may include one or more of a semaphore, a lock,a presentation space, a component of a graphical user interfacesubsystem, a component of a graphics subsystem, a display adapter, adisplay device, an access control component, a serialization component,a synchronization component, and a network component.

Detecting a change to a visual attribute of a visual component mayinclude receiving a user input corresponding to the visual component.For example, a location of a visual component may be changed in responseto a dragging and dropping operation detected by a pointing and/or touchinput device. A binding monitor 406 in FIGS. 4a-4d may detect a draggingand dropping operation.

Sending change information may include determining a visual attribute tochange based on a mapping specified in binding information. The changeinformation may be sent to an application presenting a visual componentincluding the visual attribute and/or may be sent for updating a portionof a presentation space of a display via a component external to theapplication. A binding director component 404 in any of FIGS. 4a-d maydetermine change information based on <attribute-binding> tags 710 inFIG. 7. The change information is included in and/or identified byinformation included in corresponding <bind> tags 718 as describedabove.

In various aspects, change information may be sent via a stack frame, aregister of a processor, an interprocess communication (IPC) mechanism,a shared location in a data storage medium, a semaphore, a lock, and/ora message transmitted via a network. Exemplary IPC mechanisms include ahardware interrupt, a software interrupt, a message queue, a pipe,and/or an internal socket.

To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, thedescriptions herein and the referenced figures set forth certainillustrative aspects and/or implementations of the subject matterdescribed. These are indicative of but a few of the various ways thesubject matter may be employed. The other aspects, advantages, and novelfeatures of the subject matter will become apparent from the detaileddescription included herein when considered in conjunction with thereferenced figures.

It should be understood that the various components illustrated in thevarious block diagrams represent logical components that are configuredto perform the functionality described herein and may be implemented insoftware, hardware, or a combination of the two. Moreover, some or allof these logical components may be combined, some may be omittedaltogether, and additional components may be added while still achievingthe functionality described herein. Thus, the subject matter describedherein may be embodied in many different variations, and all suchvariations are contemplated to be within the scope of what is claimed.

To facilitate an understanding of the subject matter described above,many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions that may beperformed by elements of a computer system. For example, it will berecognized that the various actions may be performed by specializedcircuits or circuitry (e.g., discrete logic gates interconnected toperform a specialized function), by program instructions being executedby one or more instruction-processing units, or by a combination ofboth. The description herein of any sequence of actions is not intendedto imply that the specific order described for performing that sequencemust be followed.

Moreover, the methods described herein may be embodied in executableinstructions stored in a computer-readable medium for use by or inconnection with an instruction-execution machine, system, apparatus, ordevice, such as a computer-based or processor-containing machine,system, apparatus, or device. As used herein, a “computer-readablemedium” may include one or more of any suitable media for storing theexecutable instructions of a computer program in one or more of anelectronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, and infrared form, suchthat the instruction execution machine, system, apparatus, or device mayread (or fetch) the instructions from the computer-readable medium andexecute the instructions for carrying out the described methods. Anon-exhaustive list of conventional exemplary computer-readable mediaincludes a portable computer diskette; a random access memory (RAM); aread only memory (ROM); an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROMor Flash memory); optical storage devices, including a portable compactdisc (CD), a portable digital video disc (DVD), a high definition DVD(HD-DVD.TM.), and a Blu-ray.TM. disc; and the like.

Thus, the subject matter described herein may be embodied in manydifferent forms, and all such forms are contemplated to be within thescope of what is claimed. It will be understood that various details maybe changed without departing from the scope of the claimed subjectmatter. Furthermore, the foregoing description is for the purpose ofillustration only, and not for the purpose of limitation, as the scopeof protection sought is defined by the claims as set forth hereinaftertogether with any equivalents.

All methods described herein may be performed in any order unlessotherwise indicated herein explicitly or by context. The use of theterms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of theforegoing description and in the context of the following claims are tobe construed to include the singular and the plural, unless otherwiseindicated herein explicitly or clearly contradicted by context. Theforegoing description is not to be interpreted as indicating that anynon-claimed element is essential to the practice of the subject matteras claimed.

I claim:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: a non-transitory memory storinginstructions and a plurality of applications including a firstapplication, a second application, and a third application; atouchscreen; and one or more processors in communication with thenon-transitory memory and the touchscreen, wherein the one or moreprocessors execute the instructions to: detect a first user input,utilizing the touchscreen; in response to the first user input, present,utilizing the touchscreen, a first window associated with the firstapplication simultaneously with a first menu with a plurality of firstmenu-related items including a first menu item and a second menu item;detect a second user input, utilizing the touchscreen; in response tothe second user input, change, utilizing the touchscreen, thepresentation of the first menu item and the second menu item, such thata first visibility of the first menu item is decreased and a secondvisibility of the second menu item is increased; detect a third userinput, utilizing the touchscreen; in response to the third user input,change, utilizing the touchscreen, the presentation of the first menuitem and the second menu item, such that the first visibility of thefirst menu item is increased and the second visibility of the secondmenu item is decreased; detect a fourth user input, utilizing thetouchscreen; and in response to the fourth user input, present,utilizing the touchscreen, a second window.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the apparatus is configured such that the first menu-relateditems include application window representations, the first menu item isassociated with the second application, the second menu item isassociated with the third application, and the second window isassociated with the second application.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the apparatus is configured such that the first menu-relateditems include thumbnails, the first menu item is a first thumbnailassociated with the second application, the second menu item is a secondthumbnail associated with the third application, and the second windowis associated with the second application.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the apparatus is configured such that: the first menu-relateditems include application window representations, the first menu item isassociated with the second application, the second menu item isassociated with the third application, and the second window isassociated with the second application; wherein the one or moreprocessors execute the instructions to present, utilizing thetouchscreen, a second menu simultaneously with the first menu, thesecond menu including a plurality of second menu-related items includinga third menu item that includes a first browser tab representationassociated with a first browser tab and a fourth menu item that includesa second browser tab representation associated with a second browsertab.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the apparatus is configuredsuch that the second menu is presented in connection with the secondwindow.
 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the apparatus is configuredsuch that the first browser tab representation and the second browsertab representation are associated with the same network browserapplication.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus isconfigured such that: the third menu item includes a first Z-value andthe fourth menu item includes a second Z-value so that the third menuitem overlies, at least in part, the fourth menu item.
 8. The apparatusof claim 7, wherein the one or more processors execute the instructionsto: detect a fifth user input, utilizing the touchscreen; and inresponse to the fifth user input, change, utilizing the touchscreen, thepresentation of the third menu item and the fourth menu item, such thata third visibility of the third menu item is decreased and a fourthvisibility of the fourth menu item is increased.
 9. The apparatus ofclaim 8, wherein the apparatus is configured such that: the secondmenu-related items are a first set of browser tab representations;wherein the one or more processors execute the instructions to present,utilizing the touchscreen, a third menu including a second set ofbrowser tab representations including a third browser tab representationassociated with a third browser tab and a fourth browser tabrepresentation associated with a fourth browser tab.
 10. The apparatusof claim 9, wherein the apparatus is configured such that the second setof browser tab representations are presented adjacent and exterior tothe first set of browser tab representations such that the third browsertab representation includes a third Z-value and the fourth browser tabrepresentation includes a fourth Z-value so that the third browser tabrepresentation overlies, at least in part, the fourth browser tabrepresentation.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the one or moreprocessors execute the instructions to: detect a sixth user input; inresponse to the sixth user input, change the presentation of the thirdbrowser tab representation and the fourth browser tab representation,such that a fifth visibility of the third browser tab representation isdecreased and a sixth visibility of the fourth browser tabrepresentation is increased.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein theone or more processors execute the instructions to: detect a seventhuser input; in response to the seventh user input, change thepresentation of the first set of browser tab representations and thesecond set of browser tab representations, such that a seventhvisibility of at least a portion of the first set is decreased and aneighth visibility of at least a portion of the second set is increased.13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the one or more processorsexecute the instructions to: detect an eighth user input; in response tothe eighth user input, change the presentation of the first window, thefirst set of browser tab representations, and the second set of browsertab representations, such that a ninth visibility of at least a portionof the first and second sets is decreased and a tenth visibility of atleast a portion of the first window is increased.
 14. The apparatus ofclaim 11, wherein the one or more processors execute the instructionsto: detect a seventh user input; in response to the seventh user input,change the presentation of the first window, the first set of browsertab representations, and the second set of browser tab representations,such that an seventh visibility of at least a portion of at least one ofthe first or second sets is decreased and an eighth visibility of atleast a portion of the first window is increased.
 15. The apparatus ofclaim 14, wherein the one or more processors execute the instructionsto: detect an eighth user input; in response to the eighth user input,change the presentation of the first set of browser tab representationsand the second set of browser tab representations, such that a ninthvisibility of at least a portion of the first set is decreased and atenth visibility of at least a portion of the second set is increased.16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the apparatus is configured suchthat the first visibility, the second visibility, the third visibility,the fourth visibility, the fifth visibility, and the sixth visibility,are each capable of being altered for facilitating simultaneous accessthereto.
 17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the apparatus isconfigured such that the first visibility, the second visibility, thethird visibility, the fourth visibility, the fifth visibility, and thesixth visibility, are each capable of being altered for facilitatingsimultaneous access to corresponding data.
 18. The apparatus of claim11, wherein the apparatus is configured such that the first user input,the second user input, the third user input, the fourth user input, thefifth user input, and the sixth user input, are received in thefollowing order: 1) the first user input, 2) the second user input, 3)the third user input, 4) the fourth user input, 5) the fifth user input,and 6) the sixth user input.
 19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein theapparatus is configured such that at least five of: the first userinput, the second user input, the third user input, the fourth userinput, the fifth user input, and the sixth user input, each include asingle user action.
 20. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the apparatusis configured such that the first visibility of the first menu item, thesecond visibility of the second menu item, the third visibility of thefirst window, and the fourth visibility of the least one of the firstmenu-related items, are each capable of being altered, while each of thefirst menu item, the second menu item, the first window, and the leastone of the first menu-related items are simultaneously at leastpartially visible, for facilitating simultaneous access to dataassociated with any multiple of the first window, the second window, andthird window associated with the third application.
 21. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the apparatus is configured such that the firstvisibility of the first menu item and the second visibility of thesecond menu item are each capable of being altered, while each of thefirst menu item, the second menu item, and the first window, aresimultaneously at least partially visible, for facilitating simultaneousaccess to a corresponding visual component.
 22. The apparatus of claim1, wherein the apparatus is configured such that at least one of: atleast one of said detecting includes receiving for detection purposes;at least one of said detecting is performed utilizing at least one of agraphical user interface subsystem, or a graphics subsystem userinterface monitor; at least one of said detecting is performed utilizinga touch input device that is combined with a display, where both thetouch input device and the display are part of the touchscreen; at leastone of said detecting is performed utilizing the one or more processorsin connection with at least one of a graphical user interface subsystem,or a graphics subsystem user interface monitor; at least one of saiddetecting includes at least one of receiving a request to change avisual component, receiving a request for a resource for changing avisual attribute, detecting a change in at least a portion of apresentation space including a visual component, intercepting acommunication identifying a change to an attribute, receiving an inputcorresponding to a visual component for changing an attribute, receivinga notification identifying an attribute, or sending presentationinformation to present at least a portion of a visual component; atleast one of said detecting includes at least one of receiving anindication to present a visual component, detecting an access to aresource for presenting a visual component, intercepting a communicationfor presenting a visual component, or receiving a message via a networkidentifying a visual component; said first user input, the second userinput, and the third user input each includes a single user input; noother user inputs are detected between the first user input and thesecond user input; no other user inputs are detected between the seconduser input and the third user input; said at least portion of the firstreduced application window group includes at least one of the firstreduced application window group-related windows; said at least portionof the first reduced application window group includes at least aportion of at least one of the first reduced application windowgroup-related windows; said first reduced application window group takesthe form of a menu; said first reduced application window group includessymmetrically-sized reduced application windows; said first applicationwindow representation group includes the reduced application windowspresented in an organized fashion; said reduced application windowsinclude visually-perceptible representations each corresponding to anassociated window; said reduced application windows include at least oneof window icons or window boxes; said first visibility of the firstreduced application window is decreased while the second visibility ofthe second reduced application window is increased, by displaying moreof the second reduced application window and less of the first reducedapplication window; said first window associated with the firstapplication is presented simultaneously with the first reducedapplication window group, utilizing binding information; said firstreduced application window overlies, at least in part, the secondreduced application window, utilizing binding information; said firstvisibility of the first reduced application window is decreased whilethe second visibility of the second reduced application window isincreased, utilizing binding information; said third visibility of thefirst window is decreased while the fourth visibility of at least one ofthe first reduced application window group-related windows is increased,utilizing binding information; said second window is presented inresponse to the fourth user input on the first reduced applicationwindow, utilizing binding information between the second window and thefirst reduced application window; said first window is at least one of:completely presented or partially presented; said second window is atleast one of: completely presented or partially presented; saidcommunication between the one or more processors, and the non-transitorymemory and the touchscreen, includes at least one of a direct couplingor an indirect coupling; said touchscreen includes an input deviceintegrated with a screen; said first navigation tab representationrepresents the first navigation tab; said first navigation tabrepresentation includes visual information that represents the firstnavigation tab; said first reduced application window completelyoverlies the second reduced application window; or said navigation tabincludes a browser tab.